rubber tube is for a few different things.
1) sliding over the schaeder tubes if they crack/tear (often occurs with cheap ones, or low pressures for DH etc).
2) as dave says, for the old school type valves (road racing bikes sometime use them as they are dinky, defo smaller than a presta.
tubeless tyres have been around a while (2002 mainstream I think). but there are benefits and erm, not so beneficial things.
can run lower tyre pressures as tube pinch don't occur
for some applications lighter in weight at the outer edge of the wheel (loosing 200g at tyre diameter has a similar effect to loosing 1-2kg in total build weight, inertia).
cost more
get a puncture, with most tubeless set you'll be there for an hour swearing and cursing as they seat VERY tightly, in the shop I used to work in we'd OFTEN get people in that just COULD NOT remove the tubeless tyre from the tubeless rim!!