Ok, let's go for a bit of theory ...
A car battery, actually a battery cells accumulator, has 3 main characteristics:
- voltage: given by the number of cells in serie, with 2,1 volt per cell (charged)
- Capacity: the amount of "energy" contained within the battery, i.e 50Ah which means it can deliver 50 Amps of current over one hour,
or 25 Amps ver two hours, etc.
- Discharge capacity: the maximum current that can be delivered at a given moment, i.e 360 A
The fourth one, which is never used, is its internal resistance.
Very roughtly the capacity is related to the amount of active components, electrolyth and electrodes, while the discharge capacity is
a function of the electrode to electrolyth contact surface (and external factors like temperature).
The internal resistance will vary with the charge level and also the electrolyth composition: when new the battery will have a small
internal resistance, which means the current can flow thru easily.
When current circulates in a circuit it creates a voltage drop when it encounters resistance: the higher the resistance, the higher
the drop (ohm's law U=R*I) when NO current circulates there is NO voltage drop. That's why you can read 12,6 volts on your charged battery.
But as soon as you drain current from it (which circulates also IN the battery), a voltage drop occurs in the device being connected AND in
the battery itself.
With a new battery (and a low internal resistance) the drop will be minimal, but with a "worn" battery with a much higher internal resistance,
the drop will be significant and can cause the engine not to start (too low voltage for the pumps, ECU, etc.).
This phenomenon, combined with cold temperature explains why bateries generaly die in winter (well, actually are detected as dying...).
Similarly, during charge the same thing happens and the voltage drop in the battery limits the energy that can be transfered to the active components.
This is why you read 11,8V only with engine iddling and "just" the fogs ON.
The only way to ease-up (a bit) hard cold start is to "pre-heat" the battery so it can deliver (a little) more "instant power".
To do so turn the ligths ON for 10-20 sec, the OFF before cranking the engine, this will "wake-up" the chemicals inside the battery.
If the car is a diesel, pre-heat plugs will already wake-up the battery so that trick is useless !
BRs, Bernie
If someone here helped You fix -or better, understand- your issue, hit the thanks icon @ bottom right corner, it's free and makes us feel helpy ;-)