I've no come across this configuration before but I have an idea.
You do not say where that steel pipe with bulbous end (diaphragm/one way valve/?) connect to. Also what is behind the union on the thermostat body?
Given Sweden, cold weather starting and their traditionally lower emissions regulations back in the 80s then I would think that this is part of a regulation mechanism to assist engine and carb warm up.
Does the remote end of the pipe connect to a vacuum (car / manifold) union or another water pipe?