I think that with an engine light fault, the lesser readers will probably not produce a code but will allow you to erase codes which can be helpful and if you do get a reader that will give you a code these are not completely helpful. There are many, many posts on the engine light subject and the possible causes identified given the inconclusive nature of codes in the first place and they way people describe their faults on this forum. This can lead to confusion
It all depends on when you light comes on and goes off or if it stays on all the time. The likely faults are: 1. The boost control valve; the EGR is bunged up with soot and the solenoid jammed; the variable vanes in the turbo jammed with soot or hopefully not, the DPF bunged up. I have listed these in order of likelihood - the first being the most likely etc.
Although, there are a few other things that can create the light and limp to activate, these are the most likely causes of your issue.
You debate on code readers is very interesting and I can see you are taking it very seriously but I think you may be expecting too much from whichever gadget you end up with.
Regards
Stephen